Jungs View of Religion Essay

I will be explaining Jung understands and his views of religion. Jung first starts with the key concept of the mind which is the three concepts of consciousness – consciousness, personal unconsciousness and the collective consciousness. Consciousness is where we actively make decisions and choices. The thoughts are based on a sensory experience e. g. the things we see, smell, hear, touch and taste. These are directly accessible. The personal conscious is out thoughts, feelings, urges which are difficult to bring to the consciousness and they are not directly accessible. They have been environmentally determined. The collective unconsciousness is inherited and the thoughts are shared by everyone – archetypes (inherited ideas: first prints or partners that form the basic blue print for major dynamic counterparts of the human personality. ) Jung believes that the archetypes pre exist in the collective unconscious of humanity. They determine how we both perceive and behave. Archetypes are the source of the ideas or images that is inherited instead of the ideas themselves. The experiences you have construct/create uniform images. We inherit a functional disposition to produce the same or very similar ideas not inherit the idea. This is the reason for a dream dictionary, for example a person could be dreaming that their friend is falling. So the falling is the image drawn from the archetype and the friend is from their experience. So the collective unconscious means that many of our ideas will be shared with people. There are different types of shared archetype examples are: the person – this is the mask that covers out true natures for the benefit of society. The mask could be good impressions of what is expected of us by others or the false impression to manipulate others behaviour and opinions. In our dreams the may manifest itself in images of ourselves appearing at a party in disguise. The shadow – this is our darker sides of us. In dreams it might reveal itself in the form of personification of evil e. g. Satan or monster. It could be deeper of our personality identity beings to be lost and individuals experience the chaos of getting closer to the material structure of psychic life. This commonly is found in the woods. The animus – is the masculine side of a female. They may appear as an exotic, sensual, young man or as heroes. The anima – is the female side of a male. They may appear as a  dancing girl, seductresses or goddess. Jung believes that the way neuroses(mental illness is caused by being psychically imbalanced) occurs is that it arises from being psychically imbalanced (so we become mentally ill if the when the psychic energy – psychological energy by which the work of the personality is performed isn’t flowing as well as it could. To maintain mental health all of the features of the personality need to be balanced so the psychic flows properly. There needs to be a balance between conscious and unconscious and the different archetype. If you fail to do this according to Jung this causes a mental disorder. Jung says through individuation (figuring out who you are and becoming your own self) you become psychically balanced personality through the addition of the range of archetypes into the conscious personality. There are two main process of individuation; the first part is when they come to terms with the outer environment with its challenges through work, friendship and relationship. The second part is from a middle age onwards is to come to terms with one’s own personality. For example a mid-life crisis, this is when someone is in the middle of their life they want what they never had in their youth age e.g. a sports car. They want to become psychically balanced as they missed out when they was youths. The things that come from the archetype such as images or thoughts are considered to be religious. Jung redefines religious thought as the numinous. This relies on Rudolf Otto’s understanding of the religious or numinous experience. According to Otto’s a numinous experience affects our consciousness which is caused by something external to our consciousness. Any experience which is archetypal in origin can be stated as religious. All archetypal images are ineffable (indescribable) . Our images of god are themselves archetypal. The concept of god is one of these primordial images (an archetype). Everyone is born with the tendency to generate religious images of god and angels . the actual image that we have of god are through our experiences in the world. An example of a case study is where Miss Miller had a dream about a moth’s desire for light. Jung said this parallel between god and light can be found in countless religious traditions e. g. the Aztec preoccupation with the sun and the Christian view of Jesus as ‘light of the world’. The role of religion is the process of individuation. The two reasons he gave was the self archetype this guides and controlled the innate process of individuation. Individuation is a religious process. The second reason is the self archetype generates images of wholeness. For example the mandala – means circle and is perfectly balanced, the design is symmetrical which represents the balance and wholeness same with Islamic art instead the repetitive patterns to show his eternality. Jung argues that god images are beneficial to our health. The images are used by the mind to individuate the personality, the personality then achieve its goal of integration. Religion now becomes clear, the ones that reject religion are therefore less likely to individuate successfully and is most likely to experience neurosis as a result. Jung concludes that the existence of an actual god is similar to Freud’s – there is no proof either way. We don’t know where the archetype actually comes from and we don’t know the origin of the-psyche because there are ineffable. As a psychic reality – god is real to those who experience the effect of archetypes. Jung always considered religious beliefs to be a natural expression of the collective unconscious.

Humanities: Cultural Change Essay

In Babcock’s book, he discusses the ways in which cultural change is influenced by various social pressures (2006). In looking to the concept of cultural change, it is important to note that the ways in which people are pressured within societies is able to be ethical, positive, and constructive as well as unethical, negative, and destructive. There are some people who believe that popular cultural change always flows in a constructive direction, yet without democratic discussion flowing from a moral and spiritual place, there is the ability for popular movements which are harmful for society. It is important to recognize that cultural change is often merely the whims of popular ideological culture, rather than principled and faith driven movements of true justice. Cultural Change Cultural change is influenced by a wide array of people with a wide array of belief systems, and it is important to pay attention to the ways in which extremist and negative beliefs are able to creep into mainstream society. The United States has always been mired in a pool of a variety of many splintered belief systems, and through these beliefs, mainstream culture has often changed in ways which are actually harmful to humanity. It is necessary for morally upright, faithful citizens to stand their ground in professing their spiritual and moral convictions, because without them, popular culture reigns, often without the consideration of God and the true ethical rights of humanity. Conclusion Cultural change is often dominated by selfish and materialistic ideologies, ideas about freedom being equated with irresponsibility. The liberty loving culture of the United States needs to first and foremost recognize that true liberty stems from right action, from relational and social considerations. Without love and care for oneself and one’s neighbor, popular cultural changes are often merely greedy flights of fancy.

An essay to appraise a research study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

An to appraise a research study - Essay Example Based on that definition, the pilot study by van der Riet et al. (2015) can be categorized as qualitative research. Caldwell, Henshaw and Taylor (2005) articulate the need for a viable framework to critique research in health sciences. According to Caldwell, Henshaw and Taylor (2005) health care is a multi-disciplinary field and involves diverse approaches. Furthermore, there is a wide range of research conducted in health care field, hence the necessity for a workable framework for critique. The critique will adopt the framework by Ryan, Coughlan, and Cronin, (2007), as outlined in Lipp and Fothergill (2015). Ryan, Coughlan and Cronin (2007a, b) outline a two-section framework applied in the critique of qualitative research. The framework will be applicable to the study by van der Riet et al. (2015). Section one of the framework explores features that influence believability of the research. It includes the writing style, author, report title and abstract. Section two explores eleme nts that show the robustness of the research. The section includes statement of the phenomenon of interest, the study’s significance, literature review, theoretical framework, sample, ethical considerations during the research, data collection and analysis, findings and discussion, conclusion and references. The research is well-written and concise. Grammar use in the research is standard and plausible. There is no use of jargons in the language. The language is academic and serves well to communicate aspects of the research to readers. Its organization is great and conforms to conventional standards of research layouts. It has sub-sections that articulate different aspects of the study. The authors should possess credible educational background in the area under study (Ryan, Coughlan & Cronin, 2007). The research is a work by five authors and all have credible

The Hindu Religious Thoughts and The British Rule Essay

The Hindu Religious Thoughts and The British Rule - Essay Example This essay describes how politics and religion each influence the functioning of each other. Politics denotes the art of governing the affairs of a nation or a people. Different governments have risen in differing fashions. Religion on the other hand, underscores a collection of beliefs that determine or dictates a people’s moral and spiritual undertakings. Politics intersects with religion in the sense that they both influence the lives of the people that are under their control. Most of the European colonial powers used religion to colonize parts of the world. In this essay, the researcher discusses Hindu religious thoughts in light of the British rule. From the discussion, the researcher can conclude that religion and theology follow the same principles and that they serve to influence the lives of the followers. The discussion has revealed that religion and politics influence each other and that religion can help conquer and subdue imperialistic governments. The role of th e Hindu religious thought in the liberation of the people of India from the shackles of the British colonialists serve as an example of how a dedicated people can rise against oppression. The persistence of the Hindu religious thought also goes to show how a philosophy has withstood the various challenges and remained to command a massive following to this day. This discussion reveals what unity and determination can do. It also goes to show how difficult it is to convince a loyal follower of a philosophy to abandon his ways for a new one.

Internal Analysis using RBV of California Pizza Kitchen Essay

Internal Analysis using RBV of California Pizza Kitchen - Essay Example The internal analysis yielded interesting findings which can help the chain develop strategies to overcome its financial worries. The chain has experienced success abroad and should focus on its innovative pizzas, toppings and salads to increase customer base. Service in the USA needs to be improved and an increase in sales is necessary to reach performance objectives. Opportunities in the form of recovering economic conditions and an increasing trend to eat out will help the chain but it needs to augment its brand image. In order to increase the value of the firm, it is looking for sale and merger options which will help in salvaging shareholder wealth. California pizza kitchen may benefit from a merger or takeover but presently it needs to focus less on expansion and more on increasing sales at current outlets. Introduction California Pizza Kitchen was started in 1985 by lawyers Rick Rosenfield and Larry Flax. The Kitchen introduced pizza flavors from all over the world and focused on cooking in wood burning ovens, gourmet pizzas and creative salads. The chain is famous for its unique and innovative creations and has over 230 locations in the USA and nine other countries. CPK has also licensed to distribute CPK frozen pizzas in groceries and supermarkets. In 1992 Pepsi Co purchased 67% of CPK’s stock and undertook rapid expansion which resulted in high losses for the company. In 1997, Pepsi’s share was bought by a private equity firm Bruckmann, Rosser, Sherril and Company but the company’s performance did not improve. In 2003, the original duo regained control of the company resulting in an improvement in the company’s performance. . ... The report focuses on an analysis of the organization’s resources and its strength and weaknesses. An internal analysis will lead the development of the SWOT matrix for the company. California Pizza Kitchen: Financial analysis: The economic value of California Pizza Kitchen using the formula for economic value added and the inputs provided by wikiwealth.com (California Pizza Kitchen, 2010): NOPAT – c.K $ 19M- 0.09*285M = - $6.65 M The economic value added for the company is negative in 2010, which shows that the value is not being created and that the cost of capital is too high. A comparison with other competitors shows that although the industry WACC is also 9%, California Pizza Kitchen is not as leveraged as its competitors. The return on equity is -3% which is lower than the industry average on -6%. Revenue growth and profit margins stand around 9% lower than the industry averages of 11% but cash flow margin positive whereas the industry margin is negative. Revenue growth in the fourth quarter of 2009 fell by 5.8% and sales are expected to keep dropping till 2012.The financial performance of the company improved after 2003 but has deteriorated in recent years and it needs to focus on further revenue growth. Competitors such as Red Robin Gourmet Burgers and Texas Roadhouse are performing better financially but CPK falls in the middle of the pack and is performing much better than others with investors forecasting a potential increase of 45% in the enterprise value. (California Pizza Kitchen, 2010) Resources: The tangible resources available to the organization include its diversified and high quality menu that caters to different tastes. The pizza toppings and salads are a combination from

Each of you should conduct any necessary research to ID and describe Paper

Each of you should conduct any necessary to ID and describe what you believe to be a significant trend that will influence how we market products and services different in the next five years - Research Paper Example Most of the developed countries had begun using the high-technology long time ago, and the overall cost of factor input is high to the firms. In this regard, most companies offering the high-technology services are seeking business in the developing nations where there is increasing demand and cheaper wage bill for the experts. As the governments of such developing countries promote higher education, there is a growing demand by the institution for high-technology services installation in an attempt to make the learners competitive. This trend is opening up more market for hi-tech service providers, and this is likely to continue for more than five years to come. In addition to that, the few trained high-technology personnel in the developing countries are relatively cheaper in terms of wage due to the lower cost of living and this provides a better opportunity for the service providing firms. This trend is likely to impact significantly in the overall increase ,in high-technology application among the citizens in developing countries. As the government and private sector continue collaborating to advocate more funding towards high-technology services in the learning institution, there will be a gradual adoption of the same in their management practices. Government institutions and private sector are likely to invest in high-technology services in their administrative services as most of the graduates are expected to have familiarized themselves with basic concepts. This will lead to a vicious cycle of high-technology services demand leading to the expansion of the industry in the developing world which is relatively large (Gaeta, 2013). This means that more marketing programs are being shifted towards the developing countries as the firms grapple with increasing costs and dwindling profit margin. In the next five years and beyond, intensive

Southwest Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example In addition, the company viewed offering the air service as an innovative and environmentally responsible industry driving at economic and social progress (Rochat, 2007). The fun campaign led by Keller and involving crews and all employees was an innovative way of making their flights a fun to all customers. Another factor behind the success was the cost cutting strategies which included contracting fleet maintenance and fuel supplies, fewer than average operators and crews in all its services, and the no frill policy was a different approach that ensured the company minimized its costs. Morrison (2001) elaborates how the low cost Carriers had to adopt some of the strategies used by Southwest to cut costs. Making employees as part of a larger family of Southwestern Airlines was perhaps the largest asset that the company utilized to succeed in the market. Brueckner, Lee & Singer (2012) elaborate one of the main characteristics of LCC as cutting costs while still charging very low fares compared to major airlines. The 10 to 15 turnaround therefore ensured Southwestern airline maximum usage of its fleet while carrying a below average or average number of customers per trip. In addition, the high turnaround ensured the business class customers could effectively use the company due to reliability, speed and effectiveness of reaching these destinations, including the ability to acquire a ticket in the airline’s gates and board the next flight to their destination. The high turnaround therefore translated to more customers due to reliability, and effectively utilizing the fleet, which increased the company’s profits. One of the challenges faced is flooding of other low cost carriers in the market with better services, the threat of terrorism rapidly increasing in air transportation making the turnaround required difficult to maintain, and rising fuel costs that may increase its operating costs in addition to the tantrums in global economy. According to

Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Cause and Effect - Essay Example The mass media which includes advertisements, television shows, and magazines plays a huge role in shaping the perception of the society on the perfect body size and shape. Recognizing the profit motive of business organizations, advertisements are often geared as one of the most important ways of developing brand image and elicit positive response from buyers. Women are not exempted from the effects of these advertisements and are ready prey of marketers trying to sell products to them. In an article entitled Body Image and Marketing, it is estimated that women an average woman is exposed to around 400 to 500 advertisements each day and that 69% of the girls surveyed agree that the magazines' standard of perfection affects their perception of beauty. Through the use of skinny models in advertising nice clothes, sexy lingerie, makeup, and jewelry, ordinary women come to the bitter realization that she should be thin in order to be perfectly beautiful like these models. Beauty is equa ted with thinness and any woman that is over size six is considered to be fat and ugly. Noting that the size of an ordinary American woman is far from these skinny girls in fashion magazines, the media adversely affects the individual's body image. Young women feel left out and depressed because they cannot live up to the standards of the society. This cultivates a culture of low self esteem, a feeling of being unattractive, and a strong desire to be model thin. The negative body perception brings about the obsession to be thin through strict dieting. The obsession to thinness motivates women to perfect their body through any possible way. The most common resort is through dieting and starvation which often leads to eating disorders. The Mayo Clinic defines eating disorder as "a broad group of serious conditions in which you are so preoccupied with food and weight that you can often focus on little ease." In addition to this, it is estimated that 90% of individuals with eating disorders are motivated by the obsession to be as skinny as magazine models. The prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in the American society has been overwhelming as women starve themselves in order to lose weight. However, these young women do not stop dieting at any weight because they consider people's remarks of their thinness as compliments. The grim reality is the fact that pursuing the thin ideal can be fatal. These eating disorders do not only r ob people of their time, energy, and focus but can lead to fatal illnesses. Technological advancements have ushered us to an era where our physique can be altered through the use of modern equipments. Women do not have to be "imperfect" and "ugly" but are given the chance to redefine their bodies through cosmetic surgery. This technological advancement can help women get rid of the unwanted body fat in no time. It is irrefutable that women who are discontented with their body size are very much willing to undergo cosmetic surgery in order to change their appearance. In the United States, it is reported that 57% of American population has had liposuction while 47% had tummy tuck. These cosmetic surgeries are seen to be motivated by the desire

Marketing strategies of Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing strategies of Apple Inc - Essay Example When Apple was established in 1977, a three point marketing philosophy was assembled by founding members, which also became the underlying market strategy for the company (Forbes, 2012). The company still runs on these three marketing and strategic principles, where all planning and implementation processes are based on above strategies. These are;1. Empathy: Understanding exact needs of the consumers and identifying them in a faster and better manner compared to any other organization.2. Focus: Eliminating all issues and problems before utilizing internal and external opportunities.3. Impute: A book is always judged by its outer appearance or cover. Similarly, making a great service or product will not prove beneficial if the offerings are communicated ineffectively. This is where the marketing strategies come into action. The offerings are presented in a professional and creative manner imputing the desired attributes. Apple has been integrating its marketing strategies with the ab ove marketing principles and has successfully achieved sustainable competitive advantage. According to Chimhanzi and Morgan (2005), companies focusing on human resource and marketing alignment are able to attain success faster and in a more convenient manner compared to those, whose focus is directed only at profit making strategies. Hence, findings provide an important input that marketing executives should improve their relationship with the human resource departments through strategies such as, written communication and joint rewards.

American president wilson's fourteen ponits and the importance of such Term Paper

American president wilson's fourteen ponits and the importance of such a plan for the world - Term Paper Example The 14 points from Wilson’s speech were a general outline of any treaty the U.S. would sign. This outline included diplomacy must be open, free international waters, world trade encouraged through lowered economic barriers, low army upkeep, colonial claims adjusted, the new territorial boundaries that returned land to Russia, Belgium, France, and Italy, Turkey and Poland would become sovereign nations, Austria-Hungary should have free autonomous development, Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated by Central Powers, and a league of Nations should be formed (Wilson 1917). All of these suggestions, along with reparations and other demands by England and France came about, except for the League of Nations. Wilson was a man before his time, because the U.N. would form after WWII. In 1917, the world was not ready for a global body of like the U.N., or the League of Nations. The 14 points was also used as propaganda to help bolster Wilson’s war and to give the Germans a message. The message given must have been the right one, since Germany surrendered without being totally overrun like in WWII. The United States wanted these points to be addressed in any treaty discussed. The Versailles Treaty’s harsh measures were due to England, France, and other negotiating countries. America did go along with these harsh terms, not realizing the oppressive terms would lead to

The Difference between the Ghost Stories of Dickens and Gaskell Essay Example for Free

The Difference between the Ghost Stories of Dickens and Gaskell Essay The belief of the supernatural or those things beyond the capacity of human explanation is not widely accepted ideology nowadays; however, the supernatural belief had really existed in the past and is evident in the numerous literary works of celebrated authors. There is also certain logic in that the supernatural belief is very strong during the past times and had continually wane to a cynical, disbelieving attitude that the people now adopt towards the supernatural. That is, there are times when these beliefs are explicit and the so-called beliefs are rather â€Å"bizarre† or â€Å"extreme† and in this manner, I would seek to explain the supernatural attitude of a specific era, in this case, the Victorian Era, and try to explain their beliefs on the context of the literary works of Charles Dickens (To Be Taken With A Grain of Salt) and Elizabeth Gaskell (The Old Nurse Story). This does not end here though, as I aim to differentiate the â€Å"sexist† literary treatment of the two celebrated authors and of course, tore apart the literary works by its parts. Most noticeable between the two is the first-person-point of-view adopted by Dickens and Gaskell. Almost all horror stories are fabricated in this manner and probably the reason is that the author wants an active participation of the reader by delving into the intimate thoughts of the central character; in the Dicken’s ghost story, central figure was a male juror in a murder crime, while in Gaskell’s story, central figure, was female nurse-maid. Notice that both authors are very sexist in picking out their central characters and even their subordinate and their supporting characters as well. Females naturally dominate Gaskel’s story while Dicken’s story redounds with males. Dickens’ may have liked to paint the males in his story as good persons whilst Gaskell presents suspicious characters in every other characters except the maid, Rosamund and the helpers. The sisters Maude and Grace Furnivall was illustrated as bad, not to be trusted types. Even Maude’s child was evil in the manner that she tried to lure Rosamund to the deadly Fell. Old Lord Furnivall was atrocious and unforgiving while the young Lord Furnivall was uncaring. Naturally the nature of the characters contributed to the degree of horror or ghostly appeal of the story. The trend is that the more evil the characters, the scarier the story appears to the reader. Like in almost every Victorian story, position and power and the disparity between the classes are illustrated (although not explicitly pronounced) here. The juror have servants (Dicken’s) and the Furnivalls are beyond the reach of the normal house staff (e. g. they dine separately). In Dicken’s story, the servants were simply a fleeting thing/character but in Gaskell’s, much participation of the help was observed. Remember that Gaskell’s story was related by a nurse-maid. Charles Dickens’ choose to ignore their presence (except once) in the story. The tone of both ghost stories, being that of supernatural, is eerie and hair-raising although much can be said about the differential treatment of the male and female species regarding the supernatural. Gaskell’s maid from the start, acknowledges and is wary of the Supernatural (being afraid to go to the East Wing), and adopts a rather frightened prissy, girly fear towards the Girl-Ghost (who aims to take away Rosamund) and Lord Furnivall (who haunts the piano and is considerably a bad and frightening figure not to be reckoned of). On the other hand, Charles Dickens’ juror, adopted first a disbelieving attitude towards the Murder-Victim-Ghost until he saw one but he did not show any fright towards the ghostly character. In fact, it was almost as if Dickens wants to convince us that even on the face of Supernatural, males are indomitable and will still display signs of bravado. Dickens and Gaskell may also have opposing ideas on the character of their central ghost/s. All the ghosts were victims of ugly situations; Dicken’s ghost was a victim of murder in Piccadilly while Gaskell’s ghost were one family ? girl and mother, were victims of cruel treatment from Lord Furnivall, and Lord Furnivall, was a victim of his conscience over what had happened to her child and granddaughter. The difference between the ghost/s from the two stories is that Dickens’ adopted a protagonist ghost while Gaskell adopted that of the antagonistic Ghost. The Murder-Victim-Ghost (Dickens’ story) helped the jury decide on the outcomes of the court decision regarding his murder whilst that of the Three-Furnivall-Ghost aimed for retribution towards the remaining family members. They took away Grace Furnivall for the atonement of her sins over the tragic matter that had occurred in the Fell. Grace turned over the secret of her hated sister to Lord Gaskell and did not do anything with the banishment during the winter in Fell, hence the heavy retribution. Also, the tone differs for both stories because the reader tries to accept the purpose and presence of the ghost in Dickens’ story, hence there is no-fright-appeal. Opposite is true for Gaskell’s story, which sets an easy tone at the start of the story followed by a frightening tone in the middle which builds incessantly until the last part of the story. If a reader wants to be really frightened, then, he/she should read Gaskell’s The Old Nurse’s Story. The theme for both stories is justice and retribution. Charles Dickens’ Murder-Ghost seeks justice for the heinous act of the prisoner who killed him in Piccadilly by approaching a favorable juror which will point or clear his case even on the demise of his after-death. He even whispers and apparatus at dreams of each juror and was an active participator in the litigation of his murder case. He whispers to the witness and even dabbles with the thoughts of the venerable Judge. Ghost is powerful here since he has the ability to mobilize people in the courtroom through their thoughts. Elizabeth Gaskell was rather extreme and dramatic in the unfair retribution that he had bestowed on Grace Furnivall. Gaskell opted at first for a scandalous family, full of deceit and lies and with all the family members jealous of each other. She paints the death of each member of the family as an ugly moment, wherein, even the souls would never seek peace. Understand that this is the most commonly adopted mantra for horror stories nowadays ? scandal associated with un-restful souls. The ghosts then seek retribution for the death that had occurred in the Fell and the culprit was found to be Grace Furnivall. What is most amazing about Gaskell is that she inserted an important character Rosamund which turned out to be only an accessory character in the story. In this manner, Gaskell was able to mislead the reader into believing that the girl Rosamund was their target when in fact it was the old Grace Furnivall who was really their intention. In the end, Grace becomes afflicted with madness or becomes a neurotic. A perfect case for retribution. Victorian Era’s literary appeal is that it redounds with romance and horror that is highly popular during those times. Much can be said regarding the perception of the supernatural as gained from the two stories. Unrestfull souls (in the form of ghosts, apparitions) whose death is not yet conclusive, seek to circulate around the earth looking for answers before exiting from this human world. They may either be good or bad. Sometimes they manifest in dreams or they may as well have been the result of conscience (e. g. Grace Furnivall). The supernaturals are intangible and are separate entities from the human beings. Although they are viewed as concrete-abstract, they are believe to have an active participation in earthly doings (This cannot be proven and explained. ). Supernatural literature may have reflected the ideologies and beliefs of the people in the past but in the realm of technology today, they are still regarded as literary amusement; something to be entertained with but never to be believed in. Work Cited Stone, W. and M. Edwards. Understanding Literature. NY: JMC Press Inc. , 1986.

Understanding Research Philosophy Why Is It Important Sociology Essay

Understanding Research Philosophy Why Is It Important Sociology Essay Many of us believe that research is always related to activities that are hidden and mostly strictly confidential from our knowledge and in our daily life (Altinay and Paraskevas, 2006). In addition, majority of us also believed that these activities are held in laboratories, in some aspect this is partly correct, in a sense that the research done by people in laboratories follows certain scientific strategies and methodologies. However, there are also a growing number of individuals such as business managers, marketers, academics and students who at the present time conduct a thorough research outside laboratories in order to develop and produce knowledge relevant to the business world or any particular interest. With this regard, the difference between the researchers are in their research approaches, strategies and philosophies. These differences are their perception of how the knowledge can be created and constructed in a rigorous and meaningful way in order to answer a research problem. (Altinay and Paraskevas 2008:69). Research philosophy is defined as the development of knowledge and the nature of knowledge (Saunders, et al., 2009). The meaning might sound rather profound, however, the author further explained that the basic meaning of the definition is precisely the exact thing every researcher is doing when he or she is conducting a research and that is the will to develop knowledge in a particular field. According to Crossan (2003) on paper about Research Philosophy: Towards and Understanding, (Crossan 2003), there are several reasons on why researchers needs to understand philosophical issues before embarking themselves in a particular field. Easterby-Smith, et al. (2002), identifies three reasons on why there is significance on understanding philosophies in reference to research methodology. The first reason the author added is that by understanding research philosophy the researcher may refine and clarify the research method to be used in their study and consequently help the researchers to gather their evidence and to answer their research questions. Secondly, the knowledge of research philosophy will enable to assist the researchers with different types of methodologies and as such avoiding inappropriate and unrelated works. Lastly, by understanding the basic meaning of research philosophy and understanding its advantages and benefits, it helps the researcher to be more creative and exploratory in their method of research. Saunders, et al. (2009) added, that in research philosophy each researcher follows important views on how they perceived the world. Furthermore, this views and assumptions will greatly affect the research strategy and methodology a researcher chooses as part of its approach. Research methods can be described and classified into different levels (Clark, 1998). In addition, Saunders, et al. (2009) also pointed out that the levels of research methods a researcher should adopt will contain his or her views about the world. These views will actually support the researchers judgment on which research method the researcher should choose as a part of its strategy (Saunders, et al., 2009). In the social science world however, there is an ongoing debate to which is the most appropriate standpoint from the views of positivism and the non-positivism/ interpretativism (Saunders, et al., 2009). According to Saunders, et al. (2009), if a researcher reflects the philosophy or the views of positivism, then most probably the researcher will take on the philosophical instance of natural scientist. Positivism according to Veal (2006) is a framework of research similar to the views and assumptions adopted by natural scientist, in which the researchers view the people and its behaviour as phenomena to be studied, using facts and observations as its strategy to explain the phenomena. Saunders, et al., (2009) also added that positivism views mostly prefer working in an observable social reality and will have an end product research similar to those produced by a natural scientist. Furthermore, researcher with positivism views will only observe a phenomenon which is observable and will end up producing credible data. In addition, the author also argued that one of the essential elements of a positivist approach is that the views of the researcher are not influenced on value of judgements. Interpretivism on the other hand, strongly believes that it is imperative for a researcher to understand the factors and differences between humans in our role as social actors (Saunders, et al., 2009). To clarify, the author further discussed that these belief is plainly to emphasise the difference between conducting research among people rather than materials or object. Saunders, et al.( 2009) also argued that the complexity of the position of interpretivism comes from two intellectual traditions namely; phenomenology and symbolic interactionism. To explain, the author identifies phenomenology as referring to the way the human beings make sense to the world and the surrounding, while the symbolic interactionism, the human being are in the continual process of interpreting the surrounding social world. In social world, Smith (1998) argued that positivism is most probably the most important attempt in order to have authoritative knowledge. The author also added that the positive approach to social sciences is more of a scientific method because a researcher with positivism philosophy will always assume that everything and every phenomenon can be studied as hard facts and as such establish scientific laws. Although, for some researchers they believe that it is imperative to use the traditional approach of research such as the naturalist or scientific method in order to explain phenomena or any occurrence in the physical and life science (Remenyi, et al., 1998). The author also argued that many scholars however, have proven a point that this is not entirely appropriate to study human beings or the organisations they have created. This point was clearly illustrated on Carr 1967 (cited in, Remenyi et al., 1998:94). I do not wish to suggest that the interference of the social scientist or of the historian can match that of physical scientist in precision, or that their inferiority in this respect is due merely to the greater backwardness of the social sciences. The Human being is on any view the most complex entity known to us, and the study of his behaviour may well involve differences in kind from those confronting the physical scientists. With this regard, many would argue that the study of phenomenology or sometimes called non-positivism is more appropriate method or strategy in order to study peoples behaviour and their organisation (Remenyi, et al, 1998). The author further argued that researchers that has phenomenological views does not deny the importance and relevance of positivism in the study of physical life and sciences, after all, if not because of positivism there will be no enlightenment to the development material reality of the twentieth-century, such as heart transplant and space travels. However, despite the importance of the positivism views, they have poor insights when explaining, why people hate their jobs and most of the time complains about everything, why customer service is normally poor, or why is it that most of employees are motivated with achievement and some are not (Remenyi, et al., 1998). Research Approach According to Saunders, et al. (2009) research approaches are mainly based on the research philosophies, whereby the deductive approach is commonly used by researchers with traditional natural scientific views (positivism), while inductive approach is usually based on phenomenology (interpretivism). Sometimes these research paradigms or approaches are used together in research to explain better an occurrence or phenomena (Gilner, et al., 20000). Furthermore, a deductive approach is an extremely influential and intellectual approach, in which conceptual and theoretical framework is developed and tested using empirical observation (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). An inductive research on the other hand is an approach whereby, the theory is developed from observing an empirical reality, which is typically oppose the deductive method (Hussey and Hussey,1997). Research Strategies Selecting an appropriate research strategy is key to ensuring that research questions are addressed in a way which has value and is congruent with the overall topic, questions and purpose of research (Palliative Medicine 2004; 18:677-684).In relation to, Saunders, et al. (2009) added that most of the research strategies belongs to deductive approach. The author also argued that even it is imperative to allocate strategies, it is important to remember that there is no superior or inferior type of strategy, all strategies are important to every researcher; however, their use will entirely depend on the field of study the researcher will embark on. According to Robson (1993) there are three traditional research strategies, namely; Experiment, Survey and Case Studies. However, Saunders, et al., (2009) added that research strategies should not be restricted on one strategy per study; it is also possible that survey strategy can be as part of case study. Apart from the relation of experiment to natural and social sciences, Saunders, et al. (2009) also defines experiment as, the study of casual links between an independent and dependent variable. Therefore, experiments are commonly use as a basis of explanatory research in answering the questions how and why. Survey is a popular strategy in conducting a research, as it allows a large amount collection of data from a chosen sample (Saunders, et al., 2009). Additionally, the author also pointed out that survey is essential in the collection of quantitative data whereby the researcher can analyse the data quantitatively by using inferential statistics. The last on the tradition research strategies according to Saunders, et al. (2009), is the case study; the author identifies this research method as commonly used in social sciences in order to have a more in-depth study of a particular individual or a group for that matter. Approach for this Study In the past, many scholars and researchers considered positivism as the correct scientific paradigm to the study of marketing (Carson, et al., 2001). This argument has also been supported by European Journal of Marketing, 28 (3) 1994, whereby the author suggested that the researchers needs to rethink the marketing research methods and answer questions such as, why do qualitative studies lack of acceptance in marketing? (Hunt,1994:13-25). According to (Carson, et al., 2001), after the aggressive and long time debate about the relevance of the approaches of scientific theories on the marketing study (see for example the European Journal of Marketing, 28 (3) 1994), the author considers the qualitative research method in the perspective of marketing as a suitable research approach for this study. In addition, Carson, et al. (2001) also discussed that interpretivsim is more suitable in the study of marketing as its approach to is in a more personal level in answering the problems in social field such as understanding the reality. Furthermore, the author also identified its position to marketing research as skewed toward interpretive end of the spectrum. (See figure 1) SPECTRUM.jpg Figure 1. The authors position to marketing research (Adapted from Carson, et al. (2009:14) In terms or research strategy, Bonoma (1985) argued that case study is a popular method amongst many marketers. In addition, the author defines case study as a well-suited approach to marketing, moreover, the pattern of case study strategy in the field of marketing is highly recognise as means to generate exploratory insights.

Communication †sending and receiving verbal information

Communication – sending and receiving verbal information Communication is the complex process of sending and receiving verbal information. The communication process plays a very important role in the profession of nursing. Daily the nurses have to deal with a huge number of patients of diverse background. Some belong to educated background and understands thing very well but some are not educated, and for them understanding and communicating with the medical staff is very difficult so it is the responsibility of the nurses to improve their skills to such an extent that communicating with people of all sorts become possible for them. The communication could be verbal or nonverbal like by the use of expressions or jesters etc. The discussion among the nurses and the patients is conducted usually in a very hectic atmosphere; both the patients and nurses are in an urgency as a result of which unwanted issues may arise. The directions are often delivered to the patients on the phones rather than face to face. In the cases of emergency the commu nication skills gain very high importance as the decision about the procedure has to be made immediately but sometimes the patient nurse interaction is delayed too much as a result of which serious consequences could be faced. In order to avoid the problems in communication some strategies have been discussed in this paper. One technique to attain this objective is by the use of strategies which are being used by other industries and have been very effective like team resource management. It is a training course which has been designed by the aviation business. It emphasizes on combined decision making and team oriented approaches. The most excellent patient care can be provided when the nurses are accessible at all times. By the use of equipments like background-assessment-recommendation (SBAR), it is guaranteed that the delivered messages are very clear and not ambiguous in any kind of stressful situation (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2004).  U-nursing is also very effective in imp roving the patient nurse communication. The SWOT analysis is also given in the proposal. The above mentioned plans could be implemented easily. Some are not time consuming like changing the behavior and attitude of the nurses however some of them needs time like installation of wireless equipments. If the nurses lack the skills for good communication the above mentioned tasks becomes really difficult to handle. In order to deal with patients who have diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds and having different levels of knowledge, communication becomes a big challenge to the health care providers. Health care providers especially the nurses have always been very keen to advance the communication skills so that they can progress to better patients care services. In nursing, a heavy amount of information has to be provided and received in a narrow time period. In order to do this perfectly and smoothly the communication settings, history experiences and individual opinion of the people must be considered very deeply. So the communication enhancements mentioned above will prove to be very successful. From this study we have come to know that when you move toward alteration with a patient-centered attitude, the finest decisions are obvious. Table of Contents Introduction Communication means relocation of the information amongst the people. The nursing job involves continuous communication between the patients, their relatives and the nurses. The chances of miscommunication in this profession are very high which can lead to serious consequences.  For nurses it is really important that they should be aware of key communicating process and the height to risks and problems that they can come across as a result of miss-communication. It is important to have clear communication with patients especially for those nurses who are involved in collection of patient history. They should be aware of the art of educating the patients giving them the needed emotional help (Munhill, 2007, p.452). According to a report at Institute of Medicine, it has now been an established fact that secure and trustworthy relationship between a patient and the health care provider (especially nurse) depends upon healthy and good communication (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2004; Viney et al., 2006). Usually the goal of the health care providers is to achieve more in a smaller amount time as a result of which their relations with patients suffer. In this proposal we are going to discuss about how communications between the patients and the nurses can be improved in order to have a healthy and fruitful relationship. Analysis of change needed Efficient communication between the patients and health care providers especially nurses is a very important area in the hospital management but it is hampered by different problems. The discussion with the patients is conducted usually in a very busy environment; both the patients and nurses are in a hurry as a result of which undesirable issues are raised. Communication with the patients is mostly carried out through answering machines instead of having a direct interaction. According to the leadership theory as presented by Fred Fiedler suggests that effective group performance depended upon the proper match between a leaders style of interacting with his or her followers and the degree to which situation allowed the leader to control and influence (Robbins Coulter, 2008, p. 493). It is often argued that in a hospital setting, in-charge nurse is often lacking required competencies in relation to communicating with patients that represent a barrier in efficient leadership. One of the prime reasons being their promotion from the clinical nurse thus they are apt at dealing with medical issues but ill equipped to be regarded as a good communicator with patients (Connelly et al., 2003, p.298). Their relationship should be relationship oriented instead of focusing solely on routine tasks. Similarly path-goal theory as devised by Robert House also favours leader role to be more supportive, providing direction to relevant others (Robbins Coulter, 2008, p.498). A study conducted in United States of America concluded that 90% of the faults in patient analysis result from poor communication between the patients and the health care providers. Different sort of parameters like lack of sleep or proper rest, long duty hours, other part time jobs, personal issues or family concerns may have serious effects on the ability of nurses to interact with the patients. Therefore the present challenge is to develop an environment which is comfortable for nurses so that they can easily perform their job. One method to achieve this goal is by applying the strategies which have been adapted by industries working beyond provision of medical aid. Team resource management as constructed by aviation department could also bring desired outcomes. The strategy helps to direct all efforts towards equal participation in decision making, leading a team focused behavioral approach. The best patient care can be provided when the nurses are can be easily contacted in case of any issue during patients stay at the hospital. By using different electronic gadgets like situation-background-assessment-recommendation (SBAR), such methods help to convey lucid messages between both nurses and patients to overcome the challenging situation (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2004).  It is stated that many nurses save around 20 to 40 minutes every day if they have immediate contact with the specialists. Most of the hospitals of the Unites States still use the old weird telephone systems which not only waste time but also may lead to miscommunication. A new communication technology like that of Dalcon Alertcan provide a solution to this problem. It is a wireless technology and by the use of it the patients, nurses, staff and the physicians can stay in contact with each other all the time, while even on move. A study showed that 70 to 80 percent of time could be saved each day by th e use of this technology. The technology also provides direct alerts to the nurses on their devices (Kohn, Corrigan Donaldson, 2000). Another method is to employ the U-Nursing technique. By U Nursing we mean that the nurses are available to all the organizations and institutes at all the time by using the facilities from information technology. The SWOT analysis about this nursing technique is given below (Murray, 2007, p.32). SWOT Analysis: Strengths: User friendly and Less time consuming Expert advice avail all the time Infrastructure is very safe and secure International quality standards maintained Enhance the communication between the patients and the nurses Weaknesses: The setup costs are very high Nurses are not yet very much trained to use this system Lack of support and backup infrastructure Opportunities: Research studies will be facilitated Technology development in nursing profession If goes successful , could be applied to all the hospitals and has just one time setup costs Holistic and Humanized Threats: System breakdowns by attack of viruses leading to data loss High dependency on the information technology Intellectual proprietary issues Be short of leadership in nursing Misuse of personal information of patients and loss of privacy Ignorant patients may be misguided Plan of Action The plan of action for the above mentioned analysis is as follows: First the working hours of the nurses would be discussed and adjusted accordingly so that they can work attentively and efficiently and this will be done immediately. The salary structure would be revised so that there would be no need for part time jobs. Recognize any hindrances which may hamper the communication like can the patient converse in English easily or not? If not the nurse should arrange for an interpreter. If the hearing ability of the patient is not well, hearing aid should be provided. Training courses for the nurses would be arranged regarding communication skills so that they can improve their communication with the patients and the physicians. Infrastructure for the U-Nursing plan would be arranged. For this purpose letters would be written to higher authorities at the hospital or even the government level if required so that the funds could be provided. Once the approval is received for such plan then nurses would be trained for the use of such facilities. In hospital equipment would be updated like the use of wireless technologies to be implemented so that the wastage of time could be prevented. The patients would be able to communicate with the nurses through wireless gadgets at all the times so that emergency situations can be dealt with ease and efficiency. Evaluation strategy The real time monitoring strategies about these new things will be applied. The amendment trials are fruitful when they are structured keeping in view the present situation and are visible with healthy results. They are made on the existing method of doing things,  are visible and have positive outcomes (Greenhalgh et al., 2004; Rye Kimberly, 2007). The study would be evaluated by noticing the change in the general attitude of nurses, their change in appearance and social dealings. The qualitative and quantitative data will be used. For the qualitative data general observations will be done on the communication changes between nurses and the patients and for the qualitative data questionnaires will be given to the patients and they will be asked about the improvement in the communication skills of the nurses. They will be asked about the benefits or demerits of the use of wireless technology implemented in the hospital. If the patients provide us with the positive feedback this wi ll mean the change is a success. Conclusion The immediate problem and challenge in the health care industry is to manage and develop an environment which provides effective and transparent communication system between the patients and the health care workers especially nurses as they are the most frequent ones to come across with the patients. It is anticipated that the above mentioned changes will bring a positive and healthy change in the hospital environment and the communication skills of the nurses will be improved. Especially when the nurses will be trained accordingly the patients would definitely feel a positive change in the hospitals. It is wisely said that half of the illness of the patient is cleared out immediately when he is treated nicely by the health care provider.

Vietnam War :: essays research papers

The Vietnam War Bullets cut through the air with blazing speed. Cutting skin as it sped through the air. Piercing cries of pain followed. It seemed like the terror and violence wouldn’t end. What could men do against such reckless hate ? So what was the Vietnam war all about, and why did the United States feel they had to get involved ? President Harry Truman established a foreign policy doctrine commonly known as â€Å"Containment†. This new doctrine was intended to prevent the spread of Communism. The containment doctrine simply stated that any new communist government had to be either part of the â€Å"American empire† or the Soviet empire. It also declared the United States pledge to stop any new communist government that was seeking to expand it’s boarders. However Harry Truman had no idea this new foreign policy would be one of the reasons that would lead the United States into Vietnam in 1965. Then in 1954 Ho Chi Mihn after defeating France in several battles decided to form a National Liberation Front (NLF). This new armed force would fight to the death just to obtain a free and independent Vietnam. This increase the Vietnamese people’s respect for Ho Chi Mihn, especially in the North region. However in America this seemed a bit suspicious. Later in 1954 the Geneva Accords treaty was drafted. The Geneva Accords divided Vietnam in half, creating North and South Vietnam. It also stated that free elections had to be held to decide Vietnam’s fate. Except this was ignored, and South Vietnam announced themselves as ant-communist. This assured the United States support which would provide aid and protection from the communists in the North. South Vietnam’s new president was Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem had once resided in the United States where he caught the attention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower reasoned that the communist take-over risk of Southeast Asia had heightened, so he sought to use Diem as a nationalist capable of countering the Communist Viet Minh. Diem however showed his true colors and was an embarrassment to the United States. So in 1961 John F. Kennedy increased the supply of weapons and soldiers sent in Vietnam. But on November 2, 1963, Diem was assassinated. So John F. Kennedy planned his ideas for the withdrawal of soldiers from Vietnam. But 20 days later President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. So around 3 am the following morning Lyndon B.

Joan Miró Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

Joan Mirà ³ Spanish painter, whose surrealist works, with their subject matter drawn from the realm of memory and imaginative fantasy, are some of the most original of the 20th century. Mirà ³ was born April 20, 1893, in Barcelona and studied at the Barcelona School of Fine Arts and the Academia Galà ­. His work before 1920 shows wide-ranging influences, including the bright colors of the Fauves, the broken forms of cubism, and the powerful, flat two-dimensionality of Catalan folk art and Romanesque church frescoes of his native Spain. He moved to Paris in 1920, where, under the influence of surrealist poets and writers, he evolved his mature style. Mirà ³ drew on memory, fantasy, and the irrational to create works of art that are visual analogues of surrealist poetry. These dreamlike visions, such as Harlequin's Carnival or Dutch Interior, often have a whimsical or humorous quality, containing images of playfully distorted animal forms, twisted organic shapes, and odd geometric constructions. The forms of his paintings are organized against flat neutral backgrounds and are painted in a limited range of bright colors, especially blue, red, yellow, green, and black. Amorphous amoebic shapes alternate with sharply drawn lines, spots, and curlicues, all positioned on the canvas with seeming nonchalance. Mirà ³ later produced highly generalized, ethereal works in which his organic forms and figures are reduced to abstract spots, lines, and bursts of colors. ...

The Internet :: essays research papers fc

What is the Internet? The question is actually difficult to answer, because the answer is continually changing with time. About a decade ago, the Internet would have been, â€Å"All networks, using the IP protocol, that collaborate to form a seamless network for their collective users.† But more recently the Internet itself consists of thousands of independent networks at academic institutions, military installations, government agencies, commercial enterprises, and other organizations. (Long, 197)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one gets on the Internet they are exposed to everything the Internet can give them. They can chat with people from all over the world, view the thousands of files, and send electronic mail. The possibilities of the Internet are endless. The Internet was first started as a U.S. Defense Department network called the ARPAnet. The ARPAnet was an experimental network designed to support military research. In particular, research about how to build networks that could withstand partial outages and still function. Say in a nuclear war, if one part of the network was to be disabled, the network would still be operational. (Krol, 11) To send a message across the ARPAnet, a computer only had to put its data in an envelope, called an Internet Protocol packet or IP, and address the packets correctly. The communicating computers –not the network itself-were also given the responsibility to ensure that the communication was accomplished. The philosophy was that every computer on the network could talk, as a peer, with any other computer. (Krol, 11) In 1971, the ARPAnet included more than 20 sites. Ten years later in 1981, more than 200 sites were linked. (Krol 11) After a couple of years passed, ARPAnet had grown so much that they needed to make rules to govern the ever-growing network. The rules were called the standard protocol, and would allow communication between dissimilar computers and networks. As time went on the networks gradually adapted to each other and fused together to form the Internet. And because of this the ARPAnet was no longer needed, and ceased to exist. (Long, 198)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does the Internet work? The Internet is built around the concept of â€Å"layers of service.† This level consists of wires and hardware, and not always very good wires. Then you add a layer of basic software to shield yourself from the problems of hardware. You add, yet, another layer of software to give the basic software some desirable features. You continue to add functionality and smarts to the network, one layer at a time, until you have something that is useful.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Valuable Knowledge

Education is generally regarded as a means of gaining valuable knowledge. However, it may actually be more destructive than constructive to others. This dangerous aspect of education is vividly shown in Mary Shelley†s Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein†s misfortunes start from the moment he discovers Cornelius object into life again. The creation of the daemon is result of his efforts. Little does he know the consequences of his creation and the responsibilities that follow. In Frankenstein, Shelley attempts to portray how Frankentein†s dangerous education from books influences his strong ambition and causes him to ignore responsibilities afterwards. Frankenstein learns most of his knowledge from the books that he reads, but these are of the unusual kind. At the young age of thirteen, he is first exposed to the works of Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus who are â€Å"†¦ ancient teachers of [Chemistry]† (p. 40). He becomes quite fascinated with his findings and begins his experiment on the basis of these books. If he had not stumbled across these books, he would not have created the daemon. It is too late when he realizes this– he has already gone mad. For this he blames his father. When he had first discovered Agrippa, he had told his father, but he merely shunned the book. † ‘My dear Victor, do not waste your time upon this; it is sad trash† (p. 30). â€Å"If. . . my father had taken the pains to explain to me that the principles of Agrippa had been entirely exploded, and that a modern system of science had been introduced. . . I should have certainly have thrown Agrippa aside, and have contented my imagination. . . by returning with greater ardour to my former studies† (p. 30). Had his father shielded him from the contents of Agrippa†s book as well the others, Frankenstein would not have fallen prey to the fateful education of such works. Frankenstein†s strong ambition also plays a role in throwing off his reasoning. He had first thought of the plan of the creation when his mother died. The books he reads reinforces his thoughts. Since then, he obsesses with the thought that he â€Å"†¦ could bestow animation upon lifeless matter†¦ † (p. 48) and maybe even â€Å"†¦ renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption† (p. 48). His strong passion for knowledge alters his reasoning. The knowledge he learns and the resulting project are so immense that he soon forgets about his surroundings and the people around him. â€Å"And the same feelings which made me neglect the scenes around me caused me also to forget those friends who were so many miles absent, and whom I had not seen for so long a time† (p. 49). Frankenstein's education isolates him from the real world rather than brings him closer to the people he loves. Unfortunately, Frankenstein†s education does not prepare him for the obligations involved in such a creation. Rather than teaching him the way of life, he abandons him. Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room†¦ † (p. 52). The daemon is left all alone and must fend for himself in this strange world. When Frankenstein refuses to create a mate for him, he is full rage and vows revenge by killing his lived ones. If he had known the responsibilities following his creation, he might not have created the daemon in the first place. Ironically, Frankenstein†s passion for the knowledge of giving life to an inanimate human suddenly turns into terror. The same education that interested him now frightens him and turns him mad. â€Å"But I was in reality ery ill; and surely nothing but the unbounded and unremitting attentions of my friend could have restored me to life† (p. 56). Mary Shelley vividly shows how Frankenstein†s education is potentially dangerous. The knowledge he learns from certain books fatefully leads him away from the world, throwing off reasoning. He turns into a madman following his creation of the daemon. Many misfortunes result from him running away from that same wisdom and ignoring the responsibilities regarding the daemon. The perilous education which he engages in causes his unbalanced and eccentric nature, and ultimately causes his downfall.

Psychology of Trading Essay

In a general summary of human events and fortunes, diametrical oppositions create a kind of dialectic of change that works in cycles with not a lot of change happening for most companies but rather slow decline for many and quick change only to face a doomed fall for so many more. This is not really delved into, what partnership the opposing teams have for each other. The professors who are â€Å"out of touch† and talking about fundamentals against the more clever or crafty investment professionals who know and have known for so long how irrational the market is and how crowd dynamics certainly play a huge role in raising or lowering certain stocks. While the authors seem to think that professors are genuinely out of touch and should teach to industry standards what is neglected are how much fundamentals should matter in the long-run. However, I do agree that professors should certainly assess crowd psychology and not only that but the addictive mass-consumption aspect of investments. Stocks are products just like any other though they are symbolic products as well as liquid assets so it’s certainly prestigious to say that you own a lot of shares of Google, just like it used to be prestigious to own Bethlehem Steel but why not just say you have a lot of money to spend on electronic packets of value? Why do people boast about their portfolio and encourage friends to buy into the next great stock that they claim to be smitten by? I think that social networks rather than classic crowd psychology treatise are more helpful in discovering the cascades of â€Å"irrational† investing and â€Å"rational† counter-investing that people engage in. Because stocks have contested and insecure meaning equilibrium is rare yet if the fundamentals are there or more broadly, if they offer a great product that people love to consume then truly it would be not so wise to follow what people do as you miss the best opportunity and settle for the second best. Theoretically if a person could audit a company with a team of the best auditors they should be in possession of very valuable information if this company is trading heavily but can be expected to reach an equilibrium point where it rises for quite awhile and never falls too deeply. Kind of like Best Buy’s stock from July of 2005 to October of 2008, there it seemed like the company satisfied with fundamentals for a long time and created a crowd of loyal consumers who bought not for gain but stability. Then too much bad news and the fundamentals started looking not so good, resulting in a huge dip in the price of the stock to approximately half of the equilibrium value it maintained during the time coordinates specified above. Prestige and the social conditioning forces are simplified in this article with a few less than well-chosen passages of Le Bon who wrote an awful lot about crowd psychology but was more of an inspiration than truly a fruition of great ideas that stand firm on their own. How convincing both the fundamentals argument and the crowd-mechanisms are is really uncertain as even the authors seem to realize that both are important though crowds are far more discussed than issues like why â€Å"Fundamentals† are not always terribly predictive and why. A lot is stated in this article but it’s not really a great think-piece as you learn a lot of information but without a great theoretical framework it resembles a mismatch that barely works towards conciliation.

Orange Peel as Antioxidant

CHAPTER I THE RESEARCH PROBLEM BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Now days, exporting is hard in the Philippines hence the country is not that good in means of transportation because of the gap between the islands and provinces; and not all places have good roads. This kind of problem could take hours for the exporters to export their goods to other places like the market, malls, and other cities along the country. And due to that kind of problem may lead to poor source of income for the exporters, for when the exported product reaches their destinations chances may, that some of those are already rotten.One of the most exported goods in the Philippines is the countries very own national fruit, mango (Mangifera indica). Mango is a sweet fruit and succulent that’s why Filipinos just love to eat the fruit, but unfortunately it is not that cheap and buyers have to save, causing the fruits to be stocked and slowly by slowly rot and making the buyers refrain from buying. Another thing is peop le now a day’s tends to throw things that can still be recycled, and recycling is something that could lessen up the countries waste management. The Philippines for example is full of wastes, some citizens just don’t know how to recycle.The richness of life is not only seeing life with wide open eyes, but knowing about the connections between things and how this knowledge would take part in letting one live a more convenient life just like the purpose of this research work. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to extract antioxidants from orange peels to use as natural preservatives especially for mangoes. Specifically, this study attempted to answer the following question: 1. How could the extracted antioxidant help the mango preserve its freshness? 2. Can the orange peels really be use as a alternative preservative for the mango?RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Ha: The extracted preservative from the orange peel has no effect on the mango. Ho: The extracted preservative from the orange peel has an effect on the mango causing it not to rot easily. SCOPE AND DELIMINATION This study started on July 2012. This study will focus on extracting antioxidants from the orange (Citrus sinensis) peels and apply and use it to preserve mangoes (Mangifera indica). The area of this study is in Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines. Both oranges (Citrus sinensis) and mangoes (Mangifera indica) are bought from the city markets. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYAntioxidants and antibacterial are important components for preserving fruits and preventing fruit spoilage. This study aims to help the following: A) COMMUNITY and HOUSEHOLDS it is easy to do and less expensive. People who love to eat oranges can make the preservatives to apply it on their own. B) ECONOMY This is good for economical purposes for they can sell the preservatives on a lower price and sell it to fruit vendors who sell mangoes. And to those who export mangoes they can use this preservative or they can even make the pr eservative themselves and apply it so that when they export mangoes it will not easily rot.DEFINITION OF TERMS Antibacterial is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria and play an important role for preserving substance. Antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules and plays and also plays an important role for preserving substance. Mango (Mangifera indica) is a fleshy stone fruit that is very sweet and has a lot of vitamins. Orange (Citrus sinensis) is a type of citrus fruit which people often eat they are very good source of vitamins, especially vitamin C. Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels are edible but not that delicious as of the orange.Preservative are naturally occurring or synthetically produced substance that is added to products to prevent the decomposition by means of microbial growth that can cause undesirable chemical changes. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Antioxidants Antioxidants are substances or nutr ients in our foods which can prevent or slow the oxidative damage to our body. When our body cells use oxygen, they naturally produce free radicals (by-products) which can cause damage. Antioxidants act as â€Å"free radical scavengers† and hence prevent and repair damage done by these free radicals.Health problems such as heart disease, macular degeneration, diabetes, cancer are all contributed by oxidative damage. Antioxidants may also enhance immune defense and therefore lower the risk of cancer and infection. (http://www. csiro. au). Well-known antioxidants include enzymes and other substances, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene, which are capable of counteracting the damaging effects of oxidation. Antioxidants are also commonly added to food products such as vegetable oils and prepared foods to prevent or delay their deterioration from the action of air (http://www. medterms. com).It is impossible for us to avoid damage by free radicals . Free radicals arise from both inside (endogenous) and outside (exogenous) our bodies . Oxidants that develop from processes within our bodies form as a result of normal aerobic respiration, metabolism , and inflammation . Exogenous free radicals form from environment factors such as pollution, sunlight, strenuous exercise, X-rays, smoking and alcohol . Our antioxidant systems are not perfect , so as we age , cell parts damaged by oxidation accumulate Because they have one or more unpaired electrons , free radicals are highly unstable .They scavenge your body to grab or donate electrons , thereby damaging cells , proteins , and DNA (genetic material) . The same oxidative process also causes oils to become rancid , peeled apples turn brown , and iron to rust . Antioxidants block the process of oxidation by  neutralizing  free radicals. In doing so, the antioxidants themselves become oxidized. That is why there is a constant need to replenish our antioxidant resources. How they work can be classified in one of two ways: Chain-breaking  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ When a free radical releases or steals an electron, a second radical is formed.This molecule then turns around and does the same thing to a third molecule, continuing to generate more unstable products. The process continues until termination occurs — either the radical is stabilized by a chain-breaking antioxidant such as beta-carotene and vitamins C and E, or it simply decays into a harmless product. Preventive  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase prevent oxidation by reducing the rate of chain initiation. That is, by scavenging initiating radicals, such antioxidants can thwart an oxidation chain from ever setting in motion.They can also prevent oxidation by stabilizing transition metal radicals such as copper and iron. The effectiveness of any given antioxidant in the body depends on which free radical is involved, how and where it is generated, and where the target of damage is. Thus, while in one particular system an antioxidant may protect against free radicals, in other systems it could have no effect at all. Or, in certain circumstances, an antioxidant may even act as a â€Å"pro-oxidant† that generates toxic oxygen species. Since antioxidants counteract the harmful effects of free radicals , you would think that we should consume as much as them as possible .The truth is , although there is little doubt that antioxidants are a necessary component for good health , it is not clear if supplements should be taken and , if so , how much . Once thought to be harmless , we now know that consuming mega-doses of antioxidants can be harmful due to their potential toxicity and interactions with medications . Antioxidants are found abundant in beans, grain products, fruits and vegetables. Look for fruits with bright color – lutein in some of the yellow pigments found in corn; orange in cantaloupe, butternut squash and mango; red from lyc opene in tomatoes and watermelon, and purple and blue in berries.So enjoy eating a variety of these products. It is best to obtain these antioxidants from foods instead of supplements. In addition, minimize the exposure of oxidative stress such as smoking and sunburn. Orange Nutrients in oranges are plentiful and diverse. The fruit is low in calories, contains no saturated fats or cholesterol, but is rich in dietary fiber,  pectin,  which is very effective in persons with excess body weight. Pectin, by its action as bulk laxative, helps to protect the mucous membrane of the colon by decreasing its exposure time to toxic substances as well as by binding to cancer causing chemicals in the colon.Pectin has also been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels by decreasing its re-absorption in the colon by binding to  bile acids  in the colon. Oranges, like other citrus fruits, is an excellent source of  vitamin C  (provides about 60% of DRI); Vitamin C is a powerful natural a ntioxidant. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop resistance against infectious agents and  scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals from the blood. Orange fruit contains a variety of phytochemicals. Hesperetin  and  Narigenin  are flavonoids found in citrus fruits.Naringenin is found to have a bio-active effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory, and immune system modulator. This substance has also been shown to reduce oxidant injury to DNA in vitro studies. Oranges also contain very good levels of  vitamin A, and other flavonoid antioxidants such as  alpha  andbeta-carotenes,  beta-cryptoxanthin,  zea-xanthin  and  lutein. These compounds are known to have antioxidant properties. Vitamin A is also required for maintaining healthy mucus membranes and skin and is essential for vision.Consumption of natural fruits rich in flavonoids helps body to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers. It is a lso a very good source of B-complex vitamins such as thiamin, pyridoxine, and folates. These vitamins are essential in the sense that body requires them from external sources to replenish. Orange fruit also contains a very good amount of minerals like potassium and calcium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate and blood pressure through countering sodium actions. Citrus fruits, as such, have long been valued for their wholesome nutritious and antioxidant properties (http://www. utrition-and-you. com). Orange Peels When oranges were first cultivated, orange peels were highly valued. People extracted essential oils from the peels to use in medicines and remedies for indigestion and other illnesses. Orange peels are a source of health-promoting carbohydrates. Peels also contain healthy polymethoxylated flavones, which are plant pigment compounds present in all citrus fruits. The production of orange juice leaves large amounts of oran ge peels. They are processed into an essential oil which contains (+)-limonene as major component.Every year about 50,000 bis 75,000 tons of this hydrocarbon accumulates in the citrus processing industry. Up to now it is regarded as residue and rarely used for the synthesis of valuable products (http://kwi. dechema. de). The orange peels contain an abundance of nutrients, including sugars, flavonoids, vitamins and antioxidants, with a variety of uses, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-carcinogenic properties. Orange peels are the main source of d-limonene, which is effective against breast and colon  cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin (http://onecoup. com).The peel of  Citrus  fruits, like orange, is a rich source of  flavanones and many polymethoxylated  flavones (Ahmadetal. 2006), which are very rare in other plants. These compounds have commercial interest because of their multitude of applications in the food and pharmaceutical ind ustries. There are studies that prove that orange peels may be used or substituted as antimicrobial. An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial, drugs either kill microbes (microbicidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbistatic).Mango Mango fruit is rich in pre-biotic dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and  polyphenolic flavonoid  antioxidant compounds. According to new research study, mango fruit has been found to protect against colon, breast, leukemia and prostate cancers. Several trial studies suggest that  polyphenolic anti-oxidant  compounds in mango are known to offer protection against breast and colon cancers. Mango fruit is an excellent source of  Vitamin-A  and flavonoids like  beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and  beta-cryptoxanthin. 100 g of fresh fruit provides 765 mg or 25% of recommended daily levels of vitamin A.Together; these compounds are known to have antioxidant properties and are essential for vision. Vitamin A is also required for maintaining healthy mucus membranes and skin. Consumption of natural fruits rich in carotenes is known to protect body from lung and oral cavity cancers. Fresh mango is a very rich source of potassium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure. It is also a very good source of vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine),  vitamin-C  and vitamin-E. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop esistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen free radicals. Vitamin B-6 or  pyridoxine  is required for GABA hormone production in the brain. It also controls homocystiene levels in the blood, which may otherwise be harmful to blood vessels resulting in CAD and stroke. Copper is a co-factor for many vital enzymes, including cytochrome c-oxidase and superoxide dismutase (other minerals function as co-factors for this en zyme are manganese and zinc). Copper is also required for the production of red blood cells (http://www. nutrition-and-you. com). PreservationFood preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop or slow down Food spoilage, loss of quality, edibility or nutritional value and thus allow for longer food storage storage. Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and other micro-organisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria, or fungi to the food), as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. Food preservation can also include processes which inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut, which can occur during food preparation.Many processes designed to preserve food will involve a number of food preservation methods. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam, for example, involves boiling (to reduce the fruit’s moisture content and to kill bacteria, yeasts, etc. ), sugaring (to prevent their re-growth) and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent recontamination). Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavour is an important aspect of food preservation, although, historically, some methods drastically altered the character of the food being preserved (http://www. ikipedia. com) ORANGE (Citrus sinensis) PEELS ECOFRIENDLY, RECYCLE EASY TO MAKEAS ALTERNATIVES FOR COMMERCIALIZE PRESERVATIVES CHEAP PRESERVATIVES ANTIOXIDANTS Figure 1 The Conceptual Framework of the Study CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY * General Procedure Preparation for the mango (Mangifera indica) Mangoes (Mangifera indica) were bought by the researchers within the city market. After buying the fruit, it was then washed. Preparation for extraction of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels extract Oranges (Citrus sinensis) were bought by the researchers within the city market.After buying the fruit was washed. And then the peels were taken off t hen cut/slice to smaller peels. Distilled water was then added to obtain more extract, then the peels were blended by using a metallic blender and then the extraction of the peels was obtain by using a cheesecloth or face cloth/towel (lampi). Manual squeezing was done to recover most of the liquid. Further purification was done by means of filter paper. The final collected extract was measured using a graduated cylinder and were placed in a beaker. Application and controlling of the extractsThe researchers bought cotton balls (can be found on drug stores or groceries) and prepared it for the application. A control was then set by the researchers to further study the affectivity of the extracted substance to the substance to be applied (mango {Mangifera indica}). The cotton balls was used to hold the substance and applied, by means of wiping, at the upper part or at the stem of the fruit. Methodology Flowchart * Gathering of oranges (Citrus sinensis) General Procedure Washing of mang o (Mangifera indica) Gathering of mango (Mangifera indica)Slicing/ Cutting of the peels of the orange (Citrus sinensis) Peeling of the oranges (Citrus sinensis) Washing of orange (Citrus sinensis) Addition of Distilled water Application of preservatives Filtration Measuring of extract TRAIT TESTING Grinding/blending of the peels of the orange (Citrus sinensis) Extraction by means of cheesecloth or face towel (lampi) CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Table 1 presents the masses of the mangoes on the first and 7th day FIG 3 Treatment| Mass (g) of replicates (day 1)| Mass (g) of replicates (day 2)| | 1| 2| 3| 1| 2| 3|Mangoes with extract| 130| 120| 150| 128| 117| 147| Mango without extract (control)| 110| 160| 100| 105| 153| 93| Table no. 1 presentation of mass of mangoes Table No 2. shows the weight loss of the three replicated in each treatment obtained from days 1 and 7. It shows that in Treatment 1, replica 1 has a weight loss of 2g, replica 2 has 3g, and replica 3 has 3g. In Treatment 2, replica 1 has a weight loss of 5g, replica 2 has 7g, and replica 3 has 7g. It shows that the results of the untreated mangoes got the highest amount of weight loss. Its cause might be the fast spoilage of the fruit.Treatment 1 implies that the Orange peel extract has affectivity on the fruit’s preservation state. Weight Loss of Treatment 2 between Days 1 and 7 Grams Replicates Figure No. 4 Weight loss of Treatment 1 (below) and Treatment 2 (above) Figure No. 3 above shows the weight loss of the treated ( Treatment 1 and the untreated mangoes. ) 1. Statement of Null Hypothesis; The extracted preservative from the orange peel has an effect on the mango causing it not to rot easily. Ho:  µA =  µB or  µA –  µB = 0 2. Statement of Alternative Hypothesis; Ha: The extracted preservative from the orange peel has no effect on the mango.The extracted preservative from the orange peel has no effect on the mango. Ha =  µA ?  µB or  µA –  µB ? 0 3. Level of Significance ? = 0. 05 4. Treatment| Deviation (D)| D2| | 1| 2| 3| 1| 2| 3| Mangoes with extract| 2| 3| 3| 4| 9| 9| Mango without extract (control)| 5| 7| 7| 25| 49| 49| ?D= 27? D2= 145 5. A. Sum of squares difference ?d2 = ? D2 – [(? D )2 ]N = 145 – [( [( 27)2 6 )] = 23. 5 B. Standard error of the mean difference SD = ? d2 N(N-1) = 23. 530 = 23. 530 = 0. 7833 C. D D= ? DN = 236 = 4. 5 D. t. t = DSD = 4. 50. 7833 6. Tcrit = t0. 05 = 2. 571 7.Since the computed/ calculated t is larger than tcrit , reject the Ho and accept Ha There is significant difference between the mean % particulate matter of the mango being extracted . CHAPTER V SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary We love to eat oranges, its sweet or sour juice, and its rich in vitamin c, and yet we only throw the peels away. However, because of this study we can now make use of the peels that we usually throw away. Because of this study, the researchers atte mpted to find an alternative preservative for mangoes, which it is one of the highly distributed fruit on our country.So to find an easier way and more healthy way to preserve mangoes orange peels come to a use. Testing of the Orange peels’ antibacterial and preservative capability is the main goal of this research. It aims to compare if there is a significant difference between the spoilage life of a treated and untreated mango. Oranges were gathered from fruit stores. The peels was then obtained then cut into smaller pieces then placed on a grinder, but before grinding, small amount of distilled water was added, then the grinding of peels took place.By means of cheesecloth, manual squeezing was done to extract the oil, and filtration took place for further purification. Two treatments were prepared with three replicates respectively. First treatment was the mangoes which were treated with the extracts, and the second treatment was the control. Weighing was done during the 1 st day of which mango was applied with the extract and after the 7th day from the application. Findings During the observation of the 7 days affectivity of extract, treatment two had rotten and spoiled faster than treatment 1, for spots was already seen.The researchers then weighed and the mass of the mangoes, under treatment 2 , the mass started reducing slowly while treatment 1 still remained constant with its mass. By the 7th day of observation, treatment two was already very rot and spoiled, while treatment one was still giving signs of spoilage but not yet totally spoiled. Conclusions 1. The concentration of the oil extracted from the Orange peels is not that strong hence only small amount was only used. But yet still effective. 2. Mangoes when left untreated and left to be spoiled decreases its weight faster than those which are treated. . Orange peels are effective as preservative for mangoes. Recommendations After the research was made and after observations was gathered. Th is are the following recommendations the researchers made: 1. Orange peels are effective in preserving mango but yet one can still look for a stronger affectivity of preservation, which can preserve mangoes for a longer period of time. 2. If one wants a better result, he/she should use a ratio between more peels and lesser but enough distilled water to get a strong concentration.

Applications of Data Mining in the areas of Marketing Communications Essay

Introduction In the information age, technological advancements have facilitated the collection of large amounts of information on various fields to include military intelligence, scientific and business data amongst several others. Computers are able to sort out this data with the aid of database management systems. Data can be classified according to predefined criteria. Data mining involves the extraction of implicit and useful information from databases. Use of relational databases is more helpful in the sense that it allows linkage with the structured query language (SQL) that allows for predicting, comparison and the determination of variations (Che, Han & Yu, 1996). In websites, this technology is used by businesses in crawling through web pages and collect information that enables the organization to enhance business, analyze the market trends and utilize the information obtained to their best interest (Web Data Mining, 2013). Applications of Data Mining In the Areas of Marketing Communications, Public Relations and Corporate Communications With the development of business intelligence, corporate management through the use of data marts and reporting software can obtain data from any region or field of interest in computer readable form in a relatively short time. It uses this data to forecast on future market expectation and consumer trends. Through its models and tools, managers are able to predict future events (Web Data Mining, 2013). It allows the analysis of past records and marketing to tailor and narrow target audience. It also helps in the determination of marketing methods; in the end, it increases revenue on sales with fewer campaigns. Data mining can predict consumer behavior, the psychology of the consumer, behavior while shopping, influence of business environment on consumers and consumer motivation depending on the importance of the product.   The products sold to consumers provide data on items how they are positioned. Data mining analyzes consumption patterns, for instance, during festive seasons to find out which products sell more and the association between one product and another. It is common to associate the purchase of bread with butter (Raorane & Kulkarni, 2011).Association is utilized in making decisions in cross marketing. Through web crawling information on consumer preferences are collected, their purchase records are used in making inventory decisions and analysis of fraudulent payments (Web Data Mining, 2013). Data mining can be categorized according to the data that is collected, in businesses the identification of high profit and low risk customers is an important task for business owners, customers can be segmented with associated characteristics as loyalty and other traits. This is useful in marketing and customer relationship management (Rajagopal, 2011). Accuracy is how often models get their predictions right while reliability is a measure of consistency of the model. Validation is done to determine how models perform against real data; quality and characteristics of a data mining model must be evaluated before deployment. However, data mining models are considered reliable if they generate the same type of predictions and return the same pattern of findings regardless of the test data. Reliability in data mining is also dependent on the skill, knowledge and the ingenuity of the analyst. Meaningful relations between variables can be extracted from databases in complex formats that are unachievable through manual systems. However, reliability is no longer assured in data mining due to its complex heterogeneous and dynamic nature. It is necessary to incorporate preventive measures to safeguard data validity and integrity (Kavulya, Gandhi, & Narasimhan, 2008). Conclusion Data mining is an effective tool in fields as medicine, marketing and crime prevention amongst many others. The use of computers has seen this lessen the time required for researches. The tools and models it utilizes are very helpful in business in determining and predicting consumer trends and consumption patterns that were unknown in the past. This seeks to promote revenues with little campaigns. Additionally, the use of web data mining allows businessmen to monitor consumer patterns, clusters and associations for inventory purposes. However, this technique may not be completely reliable, this depends on the skills of the user and preventive measures installed checking on reliability. Through legislation and technological interventions these issues can be alleviated. References Kavulya, S., Gandhi, R. & Narasimhan, P. (2008). Gumshoe: Perspective. IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Engineering, 8 (1), pp. 866-883. Rajagopal, S. (2011). Customer data clustering using data mining technique. International journal of Database Management Systems, 3(4), pp. 1-9. Raorane, A & Kulkarni, R.V. (2001). Data mining techniques: a source for consumer behavior analysis. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1109.1202.pdf Web data mining. (2013). Predictive analytics and data mining. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from: http://www.web-datamining.net/analytics/